Method of making grooves on surface of articles and device for its realization

ABSTRACT

The machining of the surfaces of articles for making grooves intended to retain liquid or gaseous media used for lubrication or as an interlayer to the devices for the realization of these methods, and to the articles machined by these methods. Most successfully the invention can be used in machining the surfaces of cylinder liners, pistons and the walls of the holes in the pistons for the piston pins in internal combustion engines and in machining sliding and rolling contact bearings, spinning machine rings, and gauge blocks. No less successfully this invention can be used for machining the reflectors of heating appliances, fountain pen caps, various vessels and articles of jewelry, because the network of grooves forms an attractive ornamental pattern. The method consists in forcing at least one spring-loaded spherical deforming member into the surface layer of the article. The machined surface of the article and the deforming member move at an angle to each other and the motion of at least one of them is either reciprocating or rotary. In the various forms of the device, the deforming member is mounted in a holder which reciprocates and moves progressively with relation to the rotating article holder or rotates with relation to the progressively moving article holder.

Write tates atent 91 Slmeider METHOD OF MAKENG GROOVES ON SURFACE OFARTICLES AND DEVICE FOR ITS REALIZATION [76] Inventor: Jury Gdalievic'hShneider, prospekt Stachek, 134, kv. l9, Leningrad, U.S.S.R.

[22] Filed: May 19, 1970 [21] Appl. No.: 38,739

[52] [1.8. CI. ..72/75, 72/80 [51] Int. Cl. .B44b 5/00 [58] Field ofSearch ..72/73, 74, 75, 80,

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Primary Examiner-Lowell A.Larson Attorney-Holman & Stern 11] 3,735,6fi5 [451 May 29, W13

[5 7] ABSTRACT The machining of the surfaces of articles for makinggrooves intended to retain liquid or gaseous media used for lubricationor as an interlayer to the devices for the realization of these methods,and to the articles machined by these methods.

Most successfully the invention can be used in machining the surfaces ofcylinder liners, pistons and the walls of the holes in the pistons forthe piston pins in internal combustion engines and in machining slidingand rolling contact bearings, spinning machine rings, and gauge blocks.

No less successfully this invention can be used for machining thereflectors of heating appliances, fountain pen caps, various vessels andarticles of jewelry, because the network of grooves forms an attractiveornamental pattern.

The method consists in forcing at least one springloaded sphericaldeforming member into the surface layer of the article. Themachinedsurface of the article and the deforming member move at an angle to eachother and the motion of at least one of them is either reciprocating orrotary.

1n the various forms of the device, the deforming member is mounted in aholder which reciprocates and moves progressively with relation to therotating article holder or rotates with relation to the progressivelymoving article holder.

11 Claims, 34 Drawing Figures PATENIED HAY 2 9 I973 sum 01 [1F 10.

M 2 m I PATENTED v 3.735.615

SHEET nu 0F 10 1 METHOD OF it l G GROOVES ON SURFACE OF ARTICLES ANDDEVICE FOR ITS REALIZATION BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The presentinvention relates to the methods of machining the surfaces of articlesfor making grooves on them, said grooves being intended to retain liquidor gaseous media used as a lubricant or an interlayer, or to trapwear-causing particles, and it relates also to the devices for therealization of these methods and to the articles grooved by thesemethods.

Most successfully the method according to the invention can be used inmachining the surfaces of cylinder liners, pistons and holes in thepistons for the piston pins in internal-combustion engines, sliding androlling contact bearings, rings of spinning machines, and gauge blocks.A

No less successfully this method can be used for machining thereflectors of heating appliances, fountain pen caps, various vessels,and articles of jewelry, since the system of grooves produces anattractive decorative pattern.

It is known that the highest resistance to wear is offered by partshaving a relatively large bearing surface which retains well alubricating medium. The known methods of surface machining allow thebearing surface to be increased by reducing its roughness. This purposeis achieved by, for example, grinding, honing and finishing. However,the surface of the particle with a smaller roughness is not so efiicientin retaining the lubricating medium.

Also known in the art are machining methods according to whichindividual grooves are made on the surface of the rubbing parts bycutting or pressing; however, in view of the fact that a relativelysmall number of these grooves are generally formed, and are isolatedfrom each other, the lubricating medium fails to be distributeduniformly over the entire friction surface and cannot flow from onegroove into another.

An object of the present invention is to eliminate the aforesaiddisadvantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION grooves which cover said surface eitheruniformly, or

with a required degree of nonuniformity. Additionally, the inventivemethod includes a provision for varying the density of the network ofgrooves and its pattern within broad limits. This object is accomplishedby providing a method of grooving the surfaces of articles in which atleast one spring-loaded spherical deforming member is forced into thesurface layer of the article wherein, according to the invention, thepart of the article being machined and the deforming member move at anangle to each other and the motion of at least one of them is eitherreciprocating or rotary. As a result of this motion the surface of thearticle is covered rather rapidly with a network of grooves.

For grooving the curvilinear surface of articles which are bodies ofrevolution by forcing a spherical deforming member into the surfacelayer of such a rotating article it is practicable that to this memberbe imparted simultaneously two kinds of motion, the first of which isprogressive and parallel to the rotational axis of the article beingmachined, whereas the second motion is selected from the followingtypes: vibratory along the first motion; vibratory around the axis whichis perpendicular to, and intersecting, the direction of the firstmotion; rotary around the axis perpendicular to, and intersecting, thedirection of the first motion. The speed of the first motion must besufficiently high so as to ensure intervals between the adjacentparallel sections of adjacent grooves.

As a result, the direction of motion of the deforming member will be atan angle to the direction of motion of the machined parts of thearticle.

The method according to the invention can be even more effective ifconcurrently with the second motion (rotary around the axis which isperpendicular to, and intersecting, the first motion) the deformingmember reciprocates along the first motion, i.e. makes a third motion.

The face ends of articles which are bodies of revolution can be groovedby imparting simultaneously two motions to the deforming member, withthe first motion being progressive, perpendicular to, and intersecting,the rotational axis of the machined article, and the second motion beinga reciprocating motion directed along the first motion.

The surfaces of articles which are not bodies of revolution are groovedby imparting simultaneously two motions to the deforming member, thefirst one being a rotary motion around a fixed axis which isperpendicular to the direction of the rectilinear progressive motion ofthe article, while the second one is a reciprocating motion along theradius drawn from said fixed axis towards the point of penetration ofthe deforming member into the surface layer of the article.

A device for grooving curvilinear surfaces of articles which are bodiesof revolution comprises a holder for the article being machined,connected with a drive which rotates said holder; a base mounting aholder for the spring-loaded spherical deforming member, said holderalso being connected to a drive which moves it progressively along therotational axis of the article holder; and a drive for the holder of thedeforming member mounted on the base and reciprocating said holder alongthe direction of motion of said base.

For grooving the face surfaces of articles which are not bodies ofrevolution, the device is designed in the main as described above,except for the base which moves progressively not along the rotationalaxis of the article holder, but across it.

Such a design of the device makes it possible to machine the externalcurvilinear surfaces of solid bodies of revolution, the external andinternal surfaces of hollow bodies of revolution, as well as the facesof these bodies.

For grooving the surfaces of articles which are not bodies ofrevolution, the device according to the invention comprises an articleholder connected to a drive which imparts rectilinear progressive motionto said holder; a base which mounts the holder of at least onespring-loaded spherical deforming member, said base being connected witha drive which imparts to said base a rotary motion around the axis whichis perpendicular to the direction of motion of the article holder,whereas the drive of the holder of the deforming member is mounted onthe base and imparts to said holder a reciprocating motion along theradius of the circumference around which the base moves, with saidradius intersecting the deforming member.

The device for grooving the external surfaces of relatively longcylindrical articles, according to the invention, comprises threespring-loaded spherical deforming members mounted on the inner side oftheir holder, with the latter being made in the form of a bushing. Thedeforming member is reciprocated by its holder drive along itslongitudinal axis. The device further comprises a means for rotating anddisplacing the rotating article through the holder of the deformingmembers.

As a result of machining by the above-listed versions of the methodaccording to the invention, the surface of the article is characterizedin that it becomes covered with a network of sinusoidal grooves. Thisnetwork of grooves is achieved by a complex relative motion of thearticle and deforming member without breaking the resilient contactbetween them, and ensures uniform distribution of oil over the entiresurface of the article if the latter serves as a rubbing part.

It must be understood that variations in the density of the network andin its pattern can be achieved comparatively easily, namely by changingthe speed of the article displacement and/or the speed of motion of thedeforming member.

Now the method of making grooves on the surfaces of articles and thedevices for the realization of said method according to the inventionwill be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings,in which DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1 through 4 are elementarydiagrams of motions of a deforming member while grooving the externalcylindrical surface of articles which are bodies of revolution, and ofthe motions of said articles;

FIGS. 5 through 22 illustrate parts of the surface of the articlesmachined by the method shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 23 is an elementary diagram of motions of the deforming memberaccording to the invention while machining the internal cylindricalsurface of a hollow article which is a body of revolution, and of themotion of said article;

FIG. 24 is an elementary diagram of motions of the deforming memberwhile machining a face surface of an article which is a body ofrevolution, and of the motion of said article;

FIGS. 25 through 28 show parts of the surfaces of the articles machinedby the method illustrated in FIG. 24;

FIG. 29 is an elementary diagram of the motions of the deforming memberwhile grooving a flat surface of an article which is not a body ofrevolution, and of the motions of said article;

FIG. 30 is a view, partly in section, of the device for the realizationof the method illustrated in FIG. 4;

FIG. 31 is a view, partly in section, of a part of the device for therealization of the method illustrated in FIG. 23;

FIG. 32 is a view, partly in section, of a part of the device for therealization of the method illustrated in FIG. 24;

FIG. 33 is a view, partly in section, of the device for the realizationof the method illustrated in FIG. 29; and

FIG. 34 is a diagrammatical view of a part of the device for groovingthe external cylindrical surface of relatively long articles which arebodies of revolution.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The method according to theinvention provides for the use of a spring-loaded spherical deformingmember 1 (FIGS. 1-4, the spring not being shown) made in the form of ahardened ball or a spherical diamond body soldered into a metal bar.According to the method, the deforming member is resiliently pressedagainst the surface of the article 2 being machined which is a body ofrevolution, and which is rotated around its longitudinal axis AA in thedirection of arrow B.

The deforming member 1 (FIG. 1) is imparted two motions simultaneously,one of which is progressive (along arrow S) and parallel to the axis AAof rotation of the article 2 while the second one is a rotary motion(along arrow C) around axis O-O which is perpendicular to the directionof the first motion.

As a result of these two motions and of the force of the spring, thedeforming member and the machined surface of the article do not lose theresilient contact therebetween and move at an angle to each other. Thesurface of the article becomes covered with a network of sinusoidalgrooves intersecting one another and, consequently communicating withone another.

Another version of the method according to the invention provides alsofor the rotation of the article 2 around its longitudinal axis AA (FIG.2) in the direction of arrow B and for the progressive motion of thespringloaded deforming member 1 along arrow S, said motion beingparallel to the rotational axis AA of the article, and for an additionalreciprocating or oscillating motion of the deforming member 1 alongarrows M around axis E-E which is perpendicular to, and intersecting,the direction of the first motion (along arrow S).

The reciprocating or oscillating motion is effected along the arc of thecircle whose radius is marked r. In this case the surface of therotating article also becomes covered with a network of sinusoidalgrooves, intersecting one another.

The next version of the method according to the invention, illustratedin FIG. 3, provides for imparting to the deforming member 1simultaneously three motions relative to the rotating article 2. Thefirst of these motions is progressive and parallel to the rotationalaxis AA of the article (shown by arrow S); the second one is a linearreciprocating motion (shown by arrows N directed along or parallel tothe first motion; and the third motion is a rotary motion around theaxis 0-0 which is perpendicular to, and intersecting, the direction ofthe first motion; the direction of the third motion is shown by arrow C.

In still another version of the method according to the invention, thedeforming member 1 (FIG. 4) is imparted simultaneously two motions, thefirst one being progressive (shown by arrow S) directed parallel to therotational axis AA of the article 2 whereas the second one is areciprocating motion in the direction of or parallel to, the firstmotion. The second motion is indicated by arrows N.

In all the above described versions of the method according to theinvention, the speed of the progressive motions of the deforming member1, directed parallel to the rotational axis A-A of the article 2 shouldbe sufficiently high so as to leave gaps between the adjacent parallelsections of the adjacent. grooves.

For example, for the version of the method illustrated in FIG. 4 thisprovision is satisfied if S of the deforming member in the directionindicated by the same letter, mm/rev;

p value determined as F/Tz where h depth of penetration of the deformingmember into the material of the blank;

d of the deforming member, mm;

1 amplitude of deforming member vibrations when said member reciprocatesalong the direction shown by arrow N;

i= value determined as N/n where N is the number of double strokes perminute in the directions indicated by the same letter, and n istherotational speed of the article, rpm.

The articles machined by the method whose versions are illustrated inFIGS. 1 through 4 have a network of sinusoidal grooves. The intervalsbetween the parallel sections of the adjacent grooves can be varied bychanging .the vibration amplitude of the deforming member, the number ofits double strokes per minute, the rotation speed of the article,thefeed in the direction shown by arrow S, with all of these depending onthe diameter of the article.

For example, in the version of the method illustrated in FIG. 4, thedensity of the network wi1l=grow with an increase in the vibrationamplitude of the deforming member 1 and in the number of its doublestrokes, and with the reduction in the rotation speed of the article, inthe feed of the deforming member directed parallel to the rotationalaxis A-A of the article 2, and in the diameter of the article.

By varying the rotation speed of the article alone it is possibleto'change substantially the mesh size of the network and its pattern, ascan be seen in FIGS. 5 through 22 which illustrate different sections ofthe external surface of one and the same article which is a cylinder ofa constant diameter throughout its length.

The internal surfaces of articles which are hollow cylinders or otherhollow bodies of revolution are machined analogously to the machining ofthe external surfaces of the articles which are bodies of revolution.Thus, a version of machining the internal cylindrical surface of ahollow cylinder 3 (FIG. 23) is analogous to the method of machining theexternal cylindrical surface of a body of revolution illustrated in FIG.4.

For machining the face surfaces of articles 2 (FIG. 24) which are bodiesof revolution, the deforming member 1 is imparted simultaneously twomotions, the first one being progressive (shown by arrow S) andperpendicular to, and intersecting, the rotational axis A-A of thearticle 2, with the second one being a reciprocating motion (shown byarrows N) along or par allel to the first motion.

As a result of this machining, the face surface of the article becomescovered with a network of sinusoidal grooves. By changing the speeds ofthe abovementioned motions the pattern and the size of mesh can bevaried as shown in FIGS. 25 through 28.

The surfaces of articles 4 (FIG. 29) which are not bodies of revolutionare machined by imparting to the article a progressive motion in thedirection of arrow K and imparting to the deforming body 1simultaneously two motions, the first one being a rotary motion (shownby arrow F) around a fixed axis P--P which is perpendicular to thedirection of motion of the article, with the second one being areciprocating motion along radius R drawn from the axis P--P to thepoint where the deforming member 1 is forced into the surface layer ofthe article 4.

As a result, the surface of the article semilarly becomes covered with anetwork of sinusoidal grooves.

The grooves made on the surfaces of articles by the method according tothe invention form networks with an attractive pattern. This allowsthese articles to be used not only in the capacity of friction parts,but as decorative articles as well.

The version of the method illustrated in FIGAI can be realized by thedevice comprising a movable base 5 (FIG. 30) which carries a holder 6for the deforming member 1. The holder is made in the form of a curvedrod, one end of which is secured in a bushing 7 with a provision forturning around an axis 8. The end of the bushing 7 is connected with aneccentric 9 by means of a shackle l0 and a bolt 10a. The eccentric isrotated by an electric motor 11. The bushing 7 is accommodated in ahollow guide 12 which is connected rigidly with the base 5. To preventthe bushing 7 from turning around its longitudinal axis, the bushing isprovided with an elongated port or slot 13 through which a screw 14 ispassed, said screw being turned into a threaded hole in the wall of theguide 12. At the opposite side of the bushing 7, with relation to thearticle 2, there is a threaded hole, screwed into which is a sleeve 15accommodating a spring 16, one end of which spring bears against thebottom of the sleeve while its other end bears against the holder 6 viaa spindle 17. The outer end of the spindle 17 is located in a recess 18made in the holder 6. The free end 19 of the holder 6 has a head with asocket 20 which houses a ball bearing 22 on an axle 21. The externalsurface of the head is threaded for screwing on a brass cap 23 with atapered hole.

The spherical deforming member 1 installed between the bearing 22 andthe cap 23 has the form of a hardened steel ball. Said ball is locatedin the above-noted tapered hole of the cap 23 and extends above saidcap. The cap 23 is screwed on the head of the holder 6 so that the ballis free to rotate when it rubs against the external surface of thecylindrical article 2. For this purpose the cap 23 is secured by a locknut 24. The article 2 is secured between the rotating clamps or centers25 one of which is coupled to the drive (not shown in the drawing), saiddrive rotating this clamp and, consequently, the article and the otherclamp or center.

The base 5 moves progressively with relation to the rotating article 2and parallel to the rotational axis A-A of the article as shown by arrowS (the base drive and its guides are not shown). The deforming member isresiliently pressed against the external surface of the article 2 bymeans of the spring 16. Concurrently with the progressive motion,thedeforming member 1 reciprocates (vibrates linearly) in the directionsshown by arrows N. The latter motion is imparted to the deforming motion1 by the eccentric 9 which is rotated by the electric motor 11.

The version of the method illustrated in FIG.23 is realized by thedevice shown in F163]. This device differs from the preceding one inthat it is designed for machining the internal cylindrical surfaces ofthe hollow bodies of rotation. In consequence of this, the holder 60 ofthe deforming member 1 is a straight rod with a hole near its free end,this hole being threaded and receiving the head 19a. Such a design ofthe holder and head makes it possible to bring the deforming memberclose to the longitudinal axis of the holder 6a and, therefore, allowsthe head 19a to be inserted into the hollow article 3a. The clamps 25aand 25b are made in the form of rings interconnected by studs 26 andnuts 27.

For machining the face surfaces of an article 2 which is a body ofrevolution it is possible to use the device shown in FIG.30, though thebase should be allowed to turn through in this instance 90 and clampingmeans must be provided which fit around the side surface of the articleinstead of engaging its end faces so as not to interfere with theirmachining.

The drive of the base 5 should also be made with a possibility of movingin relatively perpendicular directions. It must be understood that thisdevice is intended only for machining the end faces of the bodies ofrevolution which corresponds to the version of the method illustrated inFIG.24. In such a case the device is realized as illustrated in FIG.32.The clamp 250 of this device is of the jaw type similar to the chucks ofturning lathes.

The above-described devices illustrated in FIGS. 30 through 32 can bemounted on the base of conventional turning lathes by replacing severalparts mounted on the conventional tool carrier.

The version of the method illustrated in FlG.29 is realized by thedevice shown in FIG.33. This device comprises a movable table 28 towhich the article 4 is secured. The table moves progressively in thedirection perpendicular to the plane of the drawing. This motion isshown in FIG.29 by arrow K. The spring-loaded deforming member 1 (springnot shown) mounted on a slide 29 is forced into the surface layer of thearticle being machined. The slide 29 is installed in guides 30 (one ofsuch guides being shown) welded to a cover 31 of a rotating base 32, thelatter being installed in a hollow spindle 33. Secured to the hollowspindle 33 is a pulley 34 which is driven by an electric motor 36 via apulley 37 with the aid of a drive belt 35. The hollow spindle 33accommodates coaxially therein a second spindle 38 on which a pulley 39is mounted, said pulley also being driven by the electric motor 36 via apulley 41 with the aid of a drive belt 40. The rotational speed of thespindle 38 is higher than that of the spindle 33. The end of the spindle38 located in the base 32 carries a gear 42 meshing with a gear 43 whichis secured to and forms part of an eccentric 44 with which the slide 29is connected by a shackle 45,

During the rotation of the eccentric 44 the slide 29 reciprocates in thedirection shown by arrows N. Simultaneously, the slide 29 rotates aroundthe rotational axis P-P of the spindles 33 and 38 in the direction shownby arrow F. This deice can be realized on the base of a planing machinewhere a frame 46 accommodating the spindles may be constituted by theconventional cross carriage.

It is obvious that the device can also be made on the base of a verticalmilling machine where the frame 46 can be constituted by the anglebracket of the machine.

The external surfaces of the relatively long bodies of revolution can bemachined with the aid of the device shown in FIG. 34. Here the article3b in the form of a bar or tube is held and rotated, by means of discs47 positioned at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the tube. Whenthese discs rotate in the directions shown by arrows W,the tube keepsrotating around its longitudinal axis A-A in the direction shown byarrow B and simultaneously moves progressively in the direction of arrowS. The tube 3b passes through the holder 6b of the three deformingmembers I loaded by springs 16 (one such spring being shown). The drive(not shown) reciprocates the holder 6b in the directions shown by arrowsN.

The deforming members 1 are preferably angularly spaced by around theaxis AA.

Such a design of the device increases its output considerably.

The article can be rotated and moved along the axis of rotation by anyother suitable known device which is capable of ensuring these motions.

By vaiying the speeds of the drives in all the abovedescribed devices itis possible to change the size of the network mesh formed by thegrooves, and its pattern even while machining only one article. This isvery important while machining the cylinder liners of LC. engines andother parts which have surfaces subjected to heavy wear, and also thoseworn but slightly. It is clear that the heavily worn surfaces shouldhave a network with a finer mesh than the other surfaces.

While machining the decorative articles, uniform or nonuniformdiminishing or increasing of the network mesh size will make theirappearance more attractive.

What we claim is:

l. A method of grooving the machine surfaces of an article by forcing aspring-loaded spherical deforming member into the surface layer of thearticle, consisting in imparting to both the article and the deformingmember a combination of relative rotary, progressive and reciprocatingmotions.

2. The method of grooving the curvilinear surfaces of an article whichis a body of revolution, according to claim 1, wherein said article isrotated about a rotational axis, while said deforming member issimultaneously imparted two kinds of motion, the first of which isprogressive and parallel to the rotational axis of said article and theother is reciprocating motion directed along said axis.

3. The method of grooving the curvilinear surfaces of an article whichis a body of revolution according to claim 1, wherein said article isrotated about a rotational axis, while said deforming member issimultaneously imparted two kinds of motion, the first of which isprogressive and parallel to the rotational axis of the article and theother is reciprocating motion executed around an axis perpendicular tothe rotational axis of the article.

4. The method of grooving the curvilinear surfaces of an article whichis a body of revolution, according to claim 1, wherein said article isrotated about a rotational axis, while said deforming member issimultaneously imparted two kinds of motion, the first of which isprogressive and parallel to the rotational axis of said article, and theother is rotational and executed around an axis perpendicular to therotational axis of the article.

5. The method of grooving the curvilinear surfaces of an article whichis a body of revolution, according to claim 1, wherein said article isrotated about a rotational axis while said deforming member issimultaneously imparted three kinds of motion, the first of whichmotions is progressive and parallel to the rotational axis of saidarticle, the second of which is reciprocating having the direction ofthe progressive motion and the third of which is rotational and executedaround an axis perpendicular to the rotational axis of said article. i

6. An apparatus for grooving the curvilinear surface of an article whichis a body of revolution, by forcing a spring-loaded spherical deformingmember into the surface layer of said article, comprisingfa holder forsaid article, connected with a drive which rotates said holder about arotational axis; a holder for said springloaded spherical deformingmember mounted on a base which is connected with a drive imparting tosaid base a progressive motion along the rotational axis of said holderof said article; a drive for said holder of said deforming member,mounted on said base and imparting to said holder a reciprocating motionalong the direction of said motion of said base.

7; An apparatus for grooving the end faces of an article which is a bodyof revolution by forcing a springloaded spherical deforming member intothe surface layer of said end faces, comprising: a holder for saidarticle, connected with a drive which imparts a rotary motion to saidholder about a rotational axis; a holder for said spring-loadedspherical deforming member mounted on a base and connected with a driveimparting to said base a progressive motion across the rotational axisof said holder of said article; a drive for said holder of saiddeforming member, mounted on said base and imparting a reciprocatingmotion to said holder along the direction of said motion of said base.

8. An apparatus for grooving the surfaces of an article of anyconfiguration, by forcing a spring-loaded spherical deforming memberinto the surface layer of said article, comprising: a holder for saidarticle, connected with a drive imparting a straight progressive motionto said holder; a holder for said spring-loaded spherical deformingmember mounted on a base and connected with a drive imparting to saidbase a rotary motion around an axis perpendicular to the direction ofsaid motion of said holder of said article, a drive for said holder ofsaid deforming member mounted on said base and imparting to said holderan oscillatory motion along the radius of a circle along which theperiphery of said base is caused to move, said radius intersecting saiddeforming member.

9. The apparatus according to claim 6, for grooving the external surfaceof relatively long cylindrical articles, comprising three of saidspring-loaded spherical deforming members, each of said members beingmounted on the inner side of a holder which is made in the form of ahollow bushing; a drive for said holder of said deforming members, toimpart to said holder a reciprocating motion along the longitudinal axisthereof; and means for rotating and displacing said rotating articlerelative to said holder of said deforming members.

10. The method of grooving the end faces of an article which is a bodyof revolution, according to claim 1, wherein said article is rotatedabout a rotational axis, while the deforming member is simultaneouslyimparted two kinds of motion, the first of which is progressive andperpendicular to the rotational axis of the article and the other ofwhich is reciprocating executed in the direction of the first motion.

11. The method of grooving of articles of any configuration, accordingto claim 1, wherein said article is imparted a straight progressivemotion, while said deforming member is simultaneously imparted two kindsof motion, the first of which is rotational around a fixed axisperpendicular to the direction of the motion of the article and theother of which is reciprocating motion executed along a radius drawnfrom the fixed axis to the point at which the deforming member is forcedinto the surface layer of the article.

1. A method of grooving the machine surfaces of an article by forcing aspring-loaded spherical deforming member into the surface layer of thearticle, consisting in imparting to both the article and the deformingmember a combination of relative rotary, progressive and reciprocatingmotions.
 2. The method of grooving the curvilinear surfaces of anarticle which is a bOdy of revolution, according to claim 1, whereinsaid article is rotated about a rotational axis, while said deformingmember is simultaneously imparted two kinds of motion, the first ofwhich is progressive and parallel to the rotational axis of said articleand the other is reciprocating motion directed along said axis.
 3. Themethod of grooving the curvilinear surfaces of an article which is abody of revolution according to claim 1, wherein said article is rotatedabout a rotational axis, while said deforming member is simultaneouslyimparted two kinds of motion, the first of which is progressive andparallel to the rotational axis of the article and the other isreciprocating motion executed around an axis perpendicular to therotational axis of the article.
 4. The method of grooving thecurvilinear surfaces of an article which is a body of revolution,according to claim 1, wherein said article is rotated about a rotationalaxis, while said deforming member is simultaneously imparted two kindsof motion, the first of which is progressive and parallel to therotational axis of said article, and the other is rotational andexecuted around an axis perpendicular to the rotational axis of thearticle.
 5. The method of grooving the curvilinear surfaces of anarticle which is a body of revolution, according to claim 1, whereinsaid article is rotated about a rotational axis while said deformingmember is simultaneously imparted three kinds of motion, the first ofwhich motions is progressive and parallel to the rotational axis of saidarticle, the second of which is reciprocating having the direction ofthe progressive motion and the third of which is rotational and executedaround an axis perpendicular to the rotational axis of said article. 6.An apparatus for grooving the curvilinear surface of an article which isa body of revolution, by forcing a spring-loaded spherical deformingmember into the surface layer of said article, comprising: a holder forsaid article, connected with a drive which rotates said holder about arotational axis; a holder for said spring-loaded spherical deformingmember mounted on a base which is connected with a drive imparting tosaid base a progressive motion along the rotational axis of said holderof said article; a drive for said holder of said deforming member,mounted on said base and imparting to said holder a reciprocating motionalong the direction of said motion of said base.
 7. An apparatus forgrooving the end faces of an article which is a body of revolution byforcing a spring-loaded spherical deforming member into the surfacelayer of said end faces, comprising: a holder for said article,connected with a drive which imparts a rotary motion to said holderabout a rotational axis; a holder for said spring-loaded sphericaldeforming member mounted on a base and connected with a drive impartingto said base a progressive motion across the rotational axis of saidholder of said article; a drive for said holder of said deformingmember, mounted on said base and imparting a reciprocating motion tosaid holder along the direction of said motion of said base.
 8. Anapparatus for grooving the surfaces of an article of any configuration,by forcing a spring-loaded spherical deforming member into the surfacelayer of said article, comprising: a holder for said article, connectedwith a drive imparting a straight progressive motion to said holder; aholder for said spring-loaded spherical deforming member mounted on abase and connected with a drive imparting to said base a rotary motionaround an axis perpendicular to the direction of said motion of saidholder of said article, a drive for said holder of said deforming membermounted on said base and imparting to said holder an oscillatory motionalong the radius of a circle along which the periphery of said base iscaused to move, said radius intersecting said deforming member.
 9. Theapparatus according to claim 6, for grooving the external surface ofrelatively long cylindrical articles, comprising three of saidspring-loaded spherical deforming members, each of said members beingmounted on the inner side of a holder which is made in the form of ahollow bushing; a drive for said holder of said deforming members, toimpart to said holder a reciprocating motion along the longitudinal axisthereof; and means for rotating and displacing said rotating articlerelative to said holder of said deforming members.
 10. The method ofgrooving the end faces of an article which is a body of revolution,according to claim 1, wherein said article is rotated about a rotationalaxis, while the deforming member is simultaneously imparted two kinds ofmotion, the first of which is progressive and perpendicular to therotational axis of the article and the other of which is reciprocatingexecuted in the direction of the first motion.
 11. The method ofgrooving of articles of any configuration, according to claim 1, whereinsaid article is imparted a straight progressive motion, while saiddeforming member is simultaneously imparted two kinds of motion, thefirst of which is rotational around a fixed axis perpendicular to thedirection of the motion of the article and the other of which isreciprocating motion executed along a radius drawn from the fixed axisto the point at which the deforming member is forced into the surfacelayer of the article.